Kayan filastik da ƙera allura sune ginshiƙin ƙananan ruwan tabarau. Tsarin ruwan tabarau na filastik ya haɗa da kayan ruwan tabarau, ganga na ruwan tabarau, wurin sanya ruwan tabarau, mai sarari, takardar shading, kayan zoben matsi, da sauransu.

Akwai nau'ikan kayan ruwan tabarau da yawa don ruwan tabarau na filastik, waɗanda duk ainihin filastik ne (polymer mai yawan ƙwayoyin halitta). Su ne thermoplastics, robobi waɗanda ke laushi kuma suna zama filastik idan an dumama su, suna taurare idan an sanyaya su, kuma suna laushi idan an sake dumama su. Canji na zahiri wanda ke haifar da canji mai jurewa tsakanin yanayin ruwa da ƙarfi ta amfani da dumama da sanyaya. An ƙirƙira wasu kayan a baya wasu kuma sababbi ne. Wasu robobi ne na amfani da su gabaɗaya, wasu kuma sababbi ne. Wasu kayan an ƙera su musamman don amfani da su a wasu fannoni na gani.

A fannin ƙirar gani, za mu iya ganin ma'aunin kayan kamfanoni daban-daban, kamar EP8000, K26R, APL5015, OKP-1 da sauransu. Duk suna cikin wani nau'in kayan filastik, kuma waɗannan nau'ikan sun fi yawa, kuma za mu rarraba su gwargwadon lokacin bayyanar su:

Ruwan tabarau na filastik

• l PMMA/Acrylic:Poly (methyl methacrylate), polymethyl methacrylate (plexiglass, acrylic). Saboda farashi mai rahusa, yawan watsawa, da ƙarfin injina mai yawa, PMMA shine madadin gilashi mafi yawan gaske a rayuwa. Yawancin robobi masu haske an yi su ne da PMMA, kamar faranti masu haske, cokali mai haske, da ƙananan LEDs. ruwan tabarau da sauransu. An samar da PMMA da yawa tun daga shekarun 1930.
• PS:Polystyrene, polystyrene, wani abu ne mai kama da thermoplastic mara launi da haske, haka kuma filastik ne na injiniya, wanda ya fara samar da kayayyaki da yawa a shekarun 1930. Yawancin akwatunan kumfa masu launin fari da akwatunan abincin rana da suka zama ruwan dare a rayuwarmu an yi su ne da kayan PS.
• Kwamfutar kwamfuta:Polycarbonate, polycarbonate, shi ma thermoplastic ne mara launi kuma mai haske, kuma filastik ne na gama gari. An fara amfani da shi ne kawai a cikin shekarun 1960. Juriyar tasirin kayan PC yana da kyau sosai, aikace-aikacen da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da bokitin na'urar rarraba ruwa, gilashin gilashi, da sauransu.
• l COP & COC:Polymer na Cyclic (COP), Polymer na Cyclic olefin; Cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) Cyclic olefin copolymer, wani abu ne mai haske wanda ba shi da tsari mai kama da zobe, tare da haɗin carbon-carbon biyu a cikin zobe. Ana yin hydrocarbons na cyclic daga monomers na cyclic olefin ta hanyar yin polymerization kai tsaye (COP) ko copolymerization (COC) tare da wasu ƙwayoyin halitta (kamar ethylene). Halayen COP da COC kusan iri ɗaya ne. Wannan kayan sabo ne. Lokacin da aka fara ƙirƙira shi, an yi la'akari da shi musamman don wasu aikace-aikacen da suka shafi gani. Yanzu ana amfani da shi sosai a masana'antar fim, ruwan tabarau na gani, nuni, da kuma masana'antar kwalba ta likita (marufi). COP ta kammala samar da masana'antu a kusa da 1990, kuma COC ta kammala samar da masana'antu kafin 2000.
• l O-PET:An fara sayar da O-PET a Osaka a cikin shekarun 2010.

Lokacin da muke nazarin kayan gani, galibi muna damuwa ne da halayensu na gani da na inji.

Tantancewar pigiyoyi masu lanƙwasa

• Fihirisar Rarrafe da Watsawa

Fihirisar Refractive da Yaɗuwa

Za a iya gani daga wannan taƙaitaccen zane cewa kayan filastik daban-daban na gani galibi suna faɗuwa cikin tazara biyu: rukuni ɗaya yana da babban ma'aunin haske da kuma babban watsawa; ɗayan rukunin kuma yana da ƙarancin ma'aunin haske da kuma ƙarancin watsawa. Idan muka kwatanta kewayon zaɓin ma'aunin haske da watsawa na kayan gilashi, za mu ga cewa kewayon zaɓin ma'aunin haske na kayan filastik yana da kunkuntar sosai, kuma duk kayan filastik na gani suna da ƙarancin ma'aunin haske. Gabaɗaya, kewayon zaɓuɓɓuka don kayan filastik ya fi kunkuntar, kuma akwai kimanin maki 10 zuwa 20 na kayan kasuwanci, wanda galibi ke iyakance 'yancin ƙirar gani dangane da kayan.

Ma'aunin Refractive ya bambanta dangane da tsawon rai: Ma'aunin refractive na kayan filastik na gani yana ƙaruwa tare da tsawon rai, ma'aunin refractive yana raguwa kaɗan, kuma gabaɗaya yana da daidaito sosai.

Ma'aunin Refractive yana canzawa tare da zafin jiki Dn/DT: Matsakaicin zafin jiki na refractive ma'aunin refractive na robobi ya fi na gilashi sau 6 zuwa 50, wanda shine ƙimar mara kyau, wanda ke nufin cewa yayin da zafin jiki ke ƙaruwa, ma'aunin refractive yana raguwa. Misali, ga tsawon rai na 546nm, -20°C zuwa 40°C, ƙimar dn/dT na kayan filastik shine -8 zuwa -15X10^–5/°C, yayin da akasin haka, ƙimar kayan gilashin NBK7 shine 3X10^–6/°C.

• Watsawa

Watsawa

Idan aka yi la'akari da wannan hoton, yawancin robobi masu gani suna da ikon watsawa fiye da kashi 90% a cikin hasken da ake iya gani; suna kuma da kyakkyawan ikon watsawa ga madaurin infrared na 850nm da 940nm, waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a cikin na'urorin lantarki na masu amfani. Hakanan watsa kayan filastik zai ragu zuwa wani lokaci da lokaci. Babban dalili shine cewa filastik yana shan hasken ultraviolet a cikin rana, kuma sarkar kwayoyin halitta ta karye don lalacewa da haɗuwa, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin halayen jiki da sinadarai. Mafi bayyanannen bayyanar macroscopic shine rawayar kayan filastik.

• Danniya Bifringence

Rarraba Ruwan tabarau

Ƙarfin damuwa (Birefringence) wani abu ne na gani na kayan aiki. Ma'aunin haske na kayan yana da alaƙa da yanayin rabuwa da kuma alkiblar yaduwar hasken da ya faru. Kayan aiki suna nuna ma'aunin haske daban-daban na raguwar haske ga yanayin rabuwa daban-daban. Ga wasu tsarin, wannan karkacewar ma'aunin haske ƙarami ne kuma ba shi da babban tasiri ga tsarin, amma ga wasu tsarin gani na musamman, wannan karkacewar ta isa ta haifar da mummunan lalacewar aikin tsarin.

Kayan filastik kansu ba su da halayen anisotropic, amma allurar ƙera robobi zai haifar da raguwar damuwa. Babban dalili shine damuwar da aka haifar yayin ƙera allurar da kuma shirya macromolecules na filastik bayan sanyaya. Gabaɗaya damuwa tana taruwa kusa da tashar allurar, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoton da ke ƙasa.

Babban ƙa'idar ƙira da samarwa ita ce rage yawan ƙarfin damuwa a cikin yanayin tasirin gani, wanda ke buƙatar ƙira mai dacewa na tsarin ruwan tabarau, ƙirar injection da sigogin samarwa. Daga cikin kayan aiki da yawa, kayan PC sun fi saurin kamuwa da matsalar ƙarfin damuwa (kimanin sau 10 ya fi kayan PMMA girma), kuma kayan COP, COC, da PMMA suna da ƙarancin ƙarfin damuwa.