Ibikoresho bya pulasitiki n'imashini zikoreshwa mu gusya ni byo shingiro ry'indorerwamo ntoya. Imiterere ya lenzi ya pulasitiki irimo ibikoresho bya lenzi, umugozi wa lenzi, aho indorerwamo ishyirwa, aho ishyirwa, urupapuro rwo gusiga igicucu, ibikoresho byo kuzunguza umuvuduko, nibindi.

Hari ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibikoresho bya lens bya pulasitiki, byose muri rusange bikaba ari pulasitiki (polymeri ifite molekile nyinshi). Ni thermoplastic, pulasitiki yoroshya ikaba pulasitiki iyo ishyushye, igakomera iyo ikonje, kandi yoroshya iyo ishyushye. Impinduka igaragara ituma habaho impinduka ishobora guhinduka hagati y'amazi n'ibintu bikomeye hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe n'ubukonje. Ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe byavumbuwe mbere naho ibindi bikaba bishya. Bimwe ni pulasitiki ikoreshwa muri rusange, naho bimwe ni ibikoresho bya pulasitiki by'ikoranabuhanga byakozwe mu buryo bwihariye, bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu nzego zimwe na zimwe z'ikoranabuhanga.

Mu gushushanya indorerwamo, dushobora kubona imiterere y'ibikoresho by'ibigo bitandukanye, nka EP8000, K26R, APL5015, OKP-1 n'ibindi. Byose ni iby'ubwoko runaka bw'ibikoresho bya pulasitiki, kandi ubwoko bukurikira ni bwo bukunze kugaragara, kandi tuzabitondekanya dukurikije igihe bigaragarira:

Indorerwamo za pulasitiki

• l PMMA/Akriliki:Poly (methyl methacrylate), polymethyl methacrylate (plexiglass, acrylic). Bitewe n'igiciro cyayo gihendutse, ihererekanya ryinshi, n'imbaraga nyinshi za mekanike, PMMA ni yo ikoreshwa cyane mu gusimbura ikirahure mu buzima. Plasitiki nyinshi zibonerana zikozwe muri PMMA, nk'amasahani abonerana, ibiyiko bibonerana, na LED nto, lens nibindi. PMMA yakozwe ku bwinshi kuva mu myaka ya 1930.
• PS:Polystyrene, polystyrene, ni thermoplastic idafite ibara kandi ibonerana, ndetse ni pulasitiki y’ubuhanga, yatangiye gukorwa ku bwinshi mu myaka ya 1930. Udusanduku twinshi tw’umweru n’udusanduku two kurya dusanzwe mu buzima bwacu dukozwe mu bikoresho bya PS.
• Mudasobwa:Polycarbonate, polycarbonate, na yo ni thermoplastic idafite ibara kandi ibonerana, kandi ni pulasitiki ikoreshwa muri rusange. Yatangiye gukoreshwa mu nganda mu myaka ya 1960. Uburyo bwo kurwanya ingaruka z'ibikoresho bya mudasobwa ni bwiza cyane, ikoreshwa risanzwe ririmo indobo zitanga amazi, indorerwamo z'amatara, n'ibindi.
• l COP na COC:Cyclic olefin Polymer (COP), Cyclic olefin polymer; Cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) Cyclic olefin copolymer, ni ibikoresho bya polymer bibonerana bidafite isura ifite imiterere y'impeta, hamwe n'imigozi ibiri ya karuboni-karuboni mu mpeta. Hydrocarboni zizenguruka zikorwa muri monomeri za olefin zizenguruka hakoreshejwe self-polymerization (COP) cyangwa copolymerization (COC) hamwe n'izindi molekile (nka ethylene). Ibiranga COP na COC ni bimwe. Iki gikoresho ni gishya. Igihe cyavumburwaga bwa mbere, cyari gitekerejweho cyane cyane mu bikorwa bimwe na bimwe bijyanye n'urumuri. Ubu gikoreshwa cyane mu nganda za filime, lenzi z'urumuri, ecran, ubuvuzi (amacupa yo gupakira). COP yarangije gukora inganda ahagana mu 1990, naho COC irangiza gukora inganda mbere ya 2000.
• l O-PET:Fibre ya polyester optique, O-PET, yagurishijwe mu bucuruzi i Osaka mu myaka ya 2010.

Mu gusesengura ibikoresho by'urumuri, twibanda cyane ku miterere yabyo y'urumuri n'iy'ikoranabuhanga.

p y'urumuriroperties

• Igipimo cyo Gusubiramo no Gutatanya

Igipimo cya Refractive n'ikwirakwizwa

Muri iyi mbonerahamwe y'incamake, bigaragara ko ibikoresho bitandukanye bya pulasitiki y'urumuri bigabanyijemo ibice bibiri: itsinda rimwe rifite igipimo cyo hejuru cyo kugarura ubushyuhe n'ikwirakwira ryinshi; irindi tsinda rifite igipimo cyo hasi cyo kugarura ubushyuhe n'ikwirakwira ryinshi. Tugereranije igipimo cyo hejuru cyo kugarura ubushyuhe n'ikwirakwira ry'ibikoresho by'ibirahure, tuzasanga igipimo cyo hejuru cyo kugarura ubushyuhe cy'ibikoresho bya pulasitiki ari gito cyane, kandi ibikoresho byose bya pulasitiki y'urumuri bifite igipimo cyo hasi cyo kugarura ubushyuhe. Muri rusange, ubwoko bw'amahitamo ku bikoresho bya pulasitiki ni buto, kandi hari hagati y'ibipimo 10 na 20 by'ibikoresho by'ubucuruzi, ibi bikaba bigabanya cyane ubwisanzure bw'igishushanyo cy'urumuri mu bijyanye n'ibikoresho.

Igipimo cya refractive gihinduka bitewe n'uburebure bw'umurambararo: Igipimo cya refractive cy'ibikoresho bya pulasitiki y'urumuri cyiyongera uko uburebure bw'umurambararo bugenda, igipimo cya refractive kigabanuka gato, kandi muri rusange kiba gihamye.

Igipimo cya refractive gihinduka bitewe n'ubushyuhe bwa Dn/DT: Igipimo cy'ubushyuhe cya refractive index ya pulasitiki y'urumuri ni inshuro 6 kugeza kuri 50 ugereranyije n'ikirahure, ibi bikaba ari agaciro ka negative, bivuze ko uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, igipimo cya refractive index kiragabanuka. Urugero, ku bunini bw'uburebure bwa 546nm, -20°C kugeza 40°C, agaciro ka dn/dT k'ibikoresho bya pulasitiki ni -8 kugeza -15X10^–5/°C, mu gihe mu buryo bunyuranye, agaciro k'ibikoresho by'ikirahure NBK7 ari 3X10^–6/°C.

• Kohereza

Kohereza

Dukurikije iyi shusho, plastiki nyinshi z’urumuri zifite ubushobozi bwo kohereza urumuri burenze 90% mu rumuri rugaragara; zifite kandi ubushobozi bwo kohereza urumuri neza ku rumuri rwa infrared rwa 850nm na 940nm, rukunze gukoreshwa mu bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga. Uburyo bwo kohereza ibikoresho bya pulasitiki nabwo buzagabanuka uko igihe kigenda gihita. Impamvu nyamukuru ni uko pulasitiki yinjiza imirasire ya ultraviolet mu zuba, maze uruhererekane rw’ibintu rucikamo ibice rugahinduka, bigatera impinduka mu miterere y’umubiri n’iya shimi. Ibimenyetso bigaragara cyane ni uko ibikoresho bya pulasitiki biba umuhondo.

• Guhangayika mu buryo bubiri

Incamake y'ikirahuri

Birefringence ya Stress (Birefringence) ni imiterere y'urumuri rw'ibikoresho. Igipimo cyo kugarura urumuri rw'ibikoresho gifitanye isano n'imiterere y'urumuri rw'ibintu n'icyerekezo cyo gukwirakwira k'urumuri rw'impanuka. Ibikoresho bigaragaza ibipimo bitandukanye byo kugarura urumuri rw'ibintu bitandukanye. Kuri sisitemu zimwe na zimwe, uku kugabanya urugero rw'urumuri rw'ibintu ni gato cyane kandi nta ngaruka nini bigira kuri sisitemu, ariko kuri sisitemu zimwe na zimwe zidasanzwe z'urumuri, uku kugabanuka kurahagije kugira ngo bitere kwangirika gukomeye k'imikorere y'isi.

Ibikoresho bya pulasitiki ubwabyo ntibigira imiterere ya anisotropic, ariko ishingwa rya pulasitiki rizamura stress birefringence. Impamvu nyamukuru ni stress iterwa mu gihe cyo gushingwa ishingwa n'imiterere ya macromolecules za pulasitiki nyuma yo gukonja. Stress muri rusange iba hafi y'aho ishingwa, nk'uko bigaragara ku ishusho iri hepfo.

Igishushanyo rusange n'ihame ry'umusaruro ni ukugabanya stress birefringence mu buryo bufatika bw'urumuri, bisaba igishushanyo gikwiye cy'imiterere y'ijisho, inshinge molding molding molding na production parameters. Mu bikoresho byinshi, ibikoresho bya PC bikunze kwibasirwa na stress birefringence (inshuro zigera ku 10 ugereranyije n'ibikoresho bya PMMA), kandi ibikoresho bya COP, COC, na PMMA bifite stress birefringence nke.