Ko ngā rauemi kirihou me te whakahāngai werohanga te pūtake o ngā karāhe iti. Kei roto i te hanganga o te karāhe kirihou te rauemi karāhe, te oko karāhe, te whakairi karāhe, te āputa, te pepa whakamarumaru, te rauemi mowhiti pēhanga, me ētahi atu.

He maha ngā momo rauemi arotahi mō ngā arotahi kirihou, ā, he kirihou katoa ēnei (he pūhui ngota teitei). He kirihou wera ēnei, arā, he kirihou e whakangawari ana, ka huri hei kirihou ina werahia, ka whakapakeke ina whakamataohia, ā, ka whakangawari anō ina werahia. He huringa ā-tinana e puta ai he huringa hurihuri i waenga i ngā āhua wai me ngā āhua totoka mā te whakamahana me te whakamatao. I hangaia ētahi rauemi i mua ake nei, ā, he mea hou ētahi. Ko ētahi he kirihou whānui, ā, ko ētahi rauemi he rauemi kirihou whatu kua hangaia mō te whakamahinga motuhake, e whakamahia ana i roto i ētahi mara whatu.

I roto i te hoahoa whatu, ka kitea pea e tātou ngā momo rauemi o ngā kamupene rerekē, pērā i a EP8000, K26R, APL5015, OKP-1 me ētahi atu. Nō tētahi momo rauemi kirihou motuhake ēnei katoa, ā, ko ngā momo e whai ake nei he mea noa ake, ā, ka whakarōpūhia e tātou kia rite ki te wā puta:

Ngā karaihe kirihou

• PMMA/Akirika:Poly(methyl methacrylate), polymethyl methacrylate (plexiglass, acrylic). Nā te iti o te utu, te kaha o te whakawhiti, me te kaha o te miihini, ko te PMMA te whakakapinga karāhe tino noa i te ao. Ko te nuinga o ngā kirihou mārama he mea hanga ki te PMMA, pērā i ngā pereti mārama, ngā pūnu mārama, me ngā rama LED iti, ngā karāhe arotahi me ētahi atu. Kua hangaia te PMMA i roto i te papatipu mai i te tekau tau atu i 1930.
• PS:He kirihou wera mārama, kore tae te polystyrene, he kirihou hangarau anō hoki, i tīmata te hanga papatipu i te tekau tau atu i 1930. He maha ngā pouaka pahuka mā me ngā pouaka tina e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i ō tātou oranga he mea hanga ki ngā rauemi PS.
• Rorohiko:Ko te polycarbonate, he kirihou wera kore tae, mārama hoki, ā, he kirihou whānui hoki. I te tekau tau atu i 1960 anake i hangaia ai. He tino pai te ātete pānga o te rauemi PC, ko ngā whakamahinga noa ko ngā peere wai, ngā mōhiti kanohi, me ētahi atu.
• COP me te COC:Ko te Polymer olefin huringa (COP), he polymer olefin huringa; Ko te copolymer olefin huringa (COC) Ko te copolymer olefin huringa, he rauemi polymer mārama kore-āhua me te hanganga mowhiti, me ngā hononga takirua waro-waro i roto i te mowhiti. Ka hangaia ngā warowaihā huringa mai i ngā monomer olefin huringa mā te polymerization-whaiaro (COP) me te copolymerization (COC) me ētahi atu ngota (pērā i te ethylene). He tata rite ngā āhuatanga o te COP me te COC. He mea hou tēnei rauemi. I te wā i hangaia tuatahitia ai, i whakaarohia mō ētahi tono e pā ana ki te whatu. Ināianei kua whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā ahumahi kiriata, arotahi whatu, whakaaturanga, hauora (pōta takai). I oti te hanga ahumahi a te COP i te tau 1990 pea, ā, i oti te hanga ahumahi a te COC i mua i te tau 2000.
• O-PET:I hokohokohia te muka polyester whatu, te O-PET, i Ōsaka i ngā tau 2010.

I te tātaritanga i tētahi rauemi whatu, ko te nuinga o tā mātou e aro nui ana ki ōna āhuatanga whatu me ōna āhuatanga hangarau.

P whatungā taonga

• Taupū Whakaata me te Mararatanga

Taupū whakaata me te mararatanga

E kitea ana i tēnei tūtohi whakarāpopototanga, e rua ngā wāhanga o ngā rauemi kirihou whatu: ko tētahi rōpū he taupū whakaata teitei me te marara teitei; ko tētahi atu rōpū he taupū whakaata iti me te marara iti. Ki te whakataurite i te whānuitanga kōwhiringa o te taupū whakaata me te marara o ngā rauemi karāhe, ka kitea he tino whaiti te whānuitanga kōwhiringa o te taupū whakaata o ngā rauemi kirihou, ā, he iti noa te taupū whakaata o ngā rauemi kirihou whatu katoa. I te nuinga o te wā, he whaiti ake te whānuitanga o ngā kōwhiringa mō ngā rauemi kirihou, ā, tata ki te 10 ki te 20 noa iho ngā momo rauemi arumoni, e whakawhāiti ana i te herekoretanga o te hoahoa whatu e pā ana ki ngā rauemi.

Ka rerekē te taupū whakaata i runga i te roanga ngaru: Ka piki te taupū whakaata o ngā rauemi kirihou whatu i te roanga ngaru, ka paku heke te taupū whakaata, ā, he pumau te whānui.

Ka huri te taupū whakaata i te pāmahana Dn/DT: Ko te tauwehenga pāmahana o te taupū whakaata o ngā kirihou whatu he 6 ki te 50 ngā wā nui ake i tō te karāhe, he uara kino tēnei, ko te tikanga ka piki ake te pāmahana, ka heke te taupū whakaata. Hei tauira, mō te roanga ngaru o te 546nm, -20°C ki te 40°C, ko te uara dn/dT o te rauemi kirihou he -8 ki te -15X10^–5/°C, engari he rerekē, ko te uara o te rauemi karāhe NBK7 he 3X10^–6/°C.

• Whakawhiti

Ko te whakawhiti

E pā ana ki tēnei pikitia, ko te nuinga o ngā kirihou whatu he nui ake i te 90% te kaha whakawhiti i roto i te awhi mārama e kitea ana; he pai hoki te kaha whakawhiti mō ngā awhi infrared o te 850nm me te 940nm, e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i ngā taputapu hiko kaihoko. Ka heke anō hoki te kaha whakawhiti o ngā rauemi kirihou ki tētahi taumata i roto i te wā. Ko te take matua he mimiti te kirihou i ngā hihi ultraviolet i te rā, ā, ka motu te mekameka ngota hei pirau me te hono, ka hua ake he huringa o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū. Ko te whakaaturanga nui rawa atu ko te kōwhai o te rauemi kirihou.

• Te rua-whāititanga o te ahotea

Te Whakaata Arotahi

Ko te birefringence ahotea (Birefringence) he āhuatanga whatu o ngā rauemi. E pā ana te taupū whakaata o ngā rauemi ki te āhua pōraritanga me te ahunga horapa o te mārama e pā mai ana. He rerekē ngā taupū whakaata o ngā rauemi mō ngā āhua pōraritanga rerekē. Mō ētahi pūnaha, he iti rawa tēnei rerekētanga taupū whakaata, ā, kāore he pānga nui ki te pūnaha, engari mō ētahi pūnaha whatu motuhake, he nui tēnei rerekētanga hei whakararu i te mahi a te pūnaha.

Kāore he āhuatanga anisotropic o ngā rauemi kirihou, engari ka puta he ahotea birefringence i te werohanga kirihou. Ko te take matua ko te ahotea i puta i te wā e werohanga ana me te whakaritenga o ngā macromolecules kirihou i muri i te whakamatao. Ko te ahotea e kukū ana i te nuinga o te wā tata ki te putanga werohanga, e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia i raro nei.

Ko te mātāpono whānui o te hoahoa me te whakaputa ko te whakaiti i te rua-whakawhitinga ahotea i roto i te papa whatu whai hua, e hiahia ana kia hoahoahia he hanganga arotahi, he pokepokea ai werohanga me ngā tawhā whakaputa e tika ana. I roto i ētahi rauemi, he ngāwari ake ngā rauemi PC ki te rua-whakawhitinga ahotea (tata ki te 10 ngā wā nui atu i ngā rauemi PMMA), ā, he iti ake te rua-whakawhitinga ahotea o ngā rauemi COP, COC, me PMMA.